Karankawa tribe food - The Karankawa tribe inhabited land by the Texas coastal bend area, like San Antonio bay, Corpus Christi,Galveston Island, and much more that borders the Gulf of Mexico. Living here allowed the Karankawa to retrieve marine life with determination. It gave them an abundance of supplies and food, helping them in many ways.

 
Social: They traded goods with the Karankawa like pottery for things they could not Gender Roles: Caddo men were hunters and sometimes went to war to protect their families. Caddo women were farmers and also did most of the child care and cooking. Food: the woman harvest crops of corn, beans, pumpkins, and, sunflowers. Caddo men hunted for deer .... Ernest udeh jr. stats

Seiter, T. (2020). The Karankawas Indians Practiced Cannibalism: Their Motives. Journal of South Texas, 34(1), 8–37. The article offers information of Karankawa Indians of the Texas Gulf Coast region encountered approximately three hundred French invaders building an isolated fort.Most Karankawas did not want war. Composed of multiple tribes, they were not a unified or singular entity. Each had different goals, each had their own motivations. In Joseph Maria's day, there existed five Karankawa-speaking groups that shared a similar culture: the Carancahuas, the Coapites, the Cocos, the Copanos, and the Cujanes.The Karankawa used many tools including knives, scrapers, and hammers made of stone and flat spoon-like instruments made of wood. They made pottery such as clay pots with round bottoms to store and cook food. To make the pots they used the coiling technique and sometimes painted the bottoms with a tar-like substance.Traditions and Costumes. The Kawakawa's small family groups got together by using smoke signals. The smoke signals were used for events but also sometimes used for war. Each of all of the bands had its very own chief, even though the chief didn’t have power much at all .The chief is usually the oldest member in the band or group. Marriage in ...A bioarcheological analysis of over 60 sets Karankawa remains was reviewed when assessing the likely hood of disease being a major contributor, as well as multiple sources of historic literature. The effect of Spanish colonial policy was closely recorded as observed in The Karankawa Indians: Their Conflict with the White Man in Texas (Wolff 1969). Where did the Karankawa Indians live in Texas? The Karankawa Indians lived around the coastal bend of Texas. The coastal bend of Texas is Galveston Island to Corpus Christi. The coastal bend is a semi tropical area. It is hot and humid in the summer, and it is warm and cool in the winter. How did the Karankawa Indians get their food? Karankawa.Published: 1952. Updated: March 12, 2021. Tonkawa Indians. The Tonkawa Indians were actually a group of independent bands, the Tonkawas proper, the Mayeyes, and a number of smaller groups that may have included the Cava, Cantona, Emet, Sana, Toho, and Tohaha Indians. The remnants of these tribes united in the early eighteenth …Alex Perez, a Karankawa descendent and author of a book that captures the Karakawan language, has given Seiter a name in the tribe’s native language that translates to, “Friend Giving Back.” The Karakawans lived for hundreds of years between Galveston Bay and Corpus Christi Bay, fishing the rich waters, hunting and migrating between ...The Karankawa Indians are a tribe that resided in South Texas and were mainly located near the coastal waters of Texas. The Karankawas were discovered in 1528 by Europeans, but eventually got wiped out through war and conflict. Although they were wiped out, the Karankawas were strong mentally and physically. Karankawas were among the First Texas Indians Encountered by Europeans. by George Layman 12/31/2019. When shipwrecked survivors of the ill-fated 1528 expedition of Pánfil de Narváez reached Malhado (or Isle of Misfortune), west of Galveston Island, they encountered friendly natives. One of the Spaniards, Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, reported ...That’s because Karankawa Indian bands didn’t stay in one place for longer than a few weeks, notes the Texas State Historical Association. Portable or temporary homes made life easier for the tribes, because they moved around so they were always living in an area where food and resources were plentiful. Where did the tribe Karankawa live?... Food · Religion · Other · Home; |; Help; |; Login/Signup. Your browser does not support ... The Karankawa Indians. 0. 0. 2,713 Views· 08/25/19. ShareTonkawa, North American Indian tribe of what is now south-central Texas. Their language is considered by some to belong to the Coahuiltecan family and by others to be a distinct linguistic stock in the Macro-Algonquian phylum. Satellite groups of the Tonkawa included the Ervipiame, Mayeye, and.Karankawa Indians. A term that seems to have the Brazos in 1823 began the decline of been given originally to a small tribe near the tribe near Matagorda Bay, ... Agriculture was not practiced by these Indians, their food supply being obtained from the waters, the chase, and wild plants, and, to a limited extent, human flesh; for, like most of ...Summary: The goal of this lesson plan is to give background information on the Karankawa tribe. These background information ranges from knowing where their territory is located, their dietary supplements, their weapons and tools, and their language and culture.Karankawa pottery. 3. Wigwams Wigwams are houses made of wood. Usually used in nomadic tribes. 4. Daily Life The tribe would usually hunt for food or moveWhat kind of food did the Karankawa people eat? The Karankawa inhabited the coastal areas from Galveston Island along the Texas Gulf Coast to Corpus Christi. They were primarily a nomadic people who followed seasonal migrations of sea life along the coastal bays. Fish, shellfish, oysters and turtles were large parts of the …Karankawa were tribes speaking Coahuiltecan languages. To the west were the Tonkawa. PREHISTORY The prehistory of the Karankawa has only recently been investigated methodically. At present a number of sites have been located in what, from the earliest historical sources, are assumed to be Karankawa country. SaylesMany different Native American groups, including the Karankawa, Caddo, Coahuiltecan, Neches, Tonkawa, Apache, Kiowa, Comanche, and Wichita, made their lives in the woods, plains, and coastal areas ...The Karankawa Indians are a tribe that resided in South Texas and were mainly located near the coastal waters of Texas. The Karankawas were discovered in 1528 by Europeans, but eventually got wiped out through war and conflict. ... • PowerPoint showing visuals of the foods the Karankawa ate and explanation as to why those were the food that ...a specific policy toward the Texas Indians, including the Tonkawa. Foremost, the Spanish wanted to conquer the Indians and then reduce them to servantry. At the same time, they wanted to elevate the Indians to a "civilized" life remade in the Spanish image. But they also kept watch on the Indians and encouraged them to be hostile to allSep 13, 2021 · September 13, 2021. in Foodie's Corner. 0. The Karankawa are a Native American tribe of Texas. They were known for their cuisine and hunting skills, but they also had a reputation as fierce warriors. The karankawa tribe facts are a group of Native Americans who live in Texas. They are known for their unique culture and language. Research on the history of the Karankawa was hampered because documents about them were written by many tribal enemies. Thanks for visiting our blog, have a nice day. World Culture Post Information about Culture, News, Food and Drink, health, technology, and other tips across countries that are unique and exciting for you. ... Caddo Tribe ...Oct 12, 2022 · They were friendly to the Spanish and gave them food and shelter. The tribe’s kindness was soon exhausted, however, when the French expedition arrived. At first, the expedition members and the Karankawa got along. Yet, when one of the members stole a canoe from the Karankawa and damaged their relations, the two groups started fighting each other. Food was found from hunting, fishing, and gathering. They ate fish, shellfish, turtles, and other plants and animals. Spearfishing was one method of getting ...The belief that all the Indians of the western Gulf province spoke languages related to Coahuilteco is the prime reason the Coahuiltecan orbit includes so many groups. Some scholars believe that the coastal lowlands Indians who did not speak a Karankawa or a Tonkawa language must have spoken Coahuilteco.These survivors were the first non-Indians that we know of to explore the Texas coast on land. Eventually, they left the Karankawa and traveled across Texas and Mexico to find other Spaniards. Cabeza de Vaca was one of the survivors, and he wrote a famous book about their life in Texas. In 1685, French explorers came to the Gulf Coast region. The Karankawa Indians are an American Indian cultural group whose traditional homelands are located along Texas’s Gulf Coast from Galveston Bay southwestwardly to Corpus Christi Bay. The name Karankawa became the accepted designation for several groups of coastal people who shared a common language and culture.Aug 3, 2017 · What did the Karankawa eat? August 3, 2017 by Tim Seiter. Short Answer: The most important food sources for the Karankawaswere scallops, oysters, buffalo, deer, various plants like cattail and dewberries, and fish like red and black drum, trout, and sheepshead. Long Answer: What the Karankawa ate varied depending on the season. The Karankawa Indians were a group of now-extinct tribes who lived along the Gulf of Mexico in what is today Texas. Archaeologists have traced the Karankawas back at least 2,000 years. …. The last known Karankawas were killed or died out by the 1860s. Advertisement.a specific policy toward the Texas Indians, including the Tonkawa. Foremost, the Spanish wanted to conquer the Indians and then reduce them to servantry. At the same time, they wanted to elevate the Indians to a "civilized" life remade in the Spanish image. But they also kept watch on the Indians and encouraged them to be hostile to allKarankawa, several groups of North American Indians that lived along the Gulf of Mexico in Texas, from about Galveston Bay to Corpus Christi Bay. They were first encountered by the French explorer La Salle in the late 17th century, and their rapid decline began with the arrival of Stephen Austin The Karankawa were not a single tribe, but were a conglomeration of many. The Karankawa inhabited the land to the south of Galveston, down to the southern end of Corpus Christi Bay. As hunters and gatherers, food availability greatly affected their range. Their location, be it on the mainland or barrier islands, depended on the season.The Karankawa men hunted and fished with bow and arrows. Women collected plants, cooked food, and took care of the camps. The Karankawas built wigwams, or portable huts, from bent poles covered with animal skins and reed mats. Because of the hot summers and mild winters on the Gulf Coast, the Karankawa men word little, if any, clothing.21 photos. Taste Japanese cuisine here. Try good ramen, kali and beef. Come to this restaurant for delicious coffee. Most visitors mention that the staff is courteous. The terrific service shows a high level of quality at Furano Food & Coffee. Come here for the spectacular atmosphere. Google gives it 4.5 so you can choose this place to spend a ...A bioarcheological analysis of over 60 sets Karankawa remains was reviewed when assessing the likely hood of disease being a major contributor, as well as multiple sources of historic literature. The effect of Spanish colonial policy was closely recorded as observed in The Karankawa Indians: Their Conflict with the White Man in Texas (Wolff 1969).They hunt and gather food from rivers and mountains. ... The Karankawa tribe had lived in peace for several years since the Europeans arrived, but slowly everything was eroding. One of their first conflicts was with the pirate Jean Lafitte, who kidnapped one of their women. In response, Karankawa launched 300 soldiers to attack Lafitte.Interesting sidenote: In addition the cannibalism practiced by the Karankawa, they engaged in another bizarre dietary habit: When food supplies were low, they picked out undigested bits of food from their fecal matter, like whole seeds, and ate them again.A kind of Second Harvest, if you will. I learned this in seventh grade history; …the Caddo, Karankawa, Tonkawa, and the Jumano tribes. Caddo Like many other tribes in Texas, the Caddo is made up of multiple tribes. These tribes share a common language and similar beliefs. The Caddo were farmers. They grew corn, beans, and squash. The women of the tribe tended to the farms, and the men hunted buffalo and deer for food …Atakapa (/əˈtækəpə, -pɑː/, natively Yukhiti) is an extinct language isolate native to southwestern Louisiana and nearby coastal eastern Texas. It was spoken by the Atakapa people (also known as Ishak, after their word for “the people”). The language became extinct in the early 20th century.The Karankawas obtained food by a combination of what 3 things? Hunting, fishing, and gathering 8. Name 3 foods that were a staple of their diet. Fish, ...Caddo Indian Fact Sheet. Native American Facts For Kids was written for young people learning about the Caddos for school or home-schooling reports. We encourage students and teachers to visit our main Caddo website for more in-depth information about the tribe, but here are our answers to the questions we are most often asked by children, with …Indians called the Karankawa lived along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, between Galveston Bay and Corpus Christi and sweeping inland perhaps for about 100 miles. They were a nomadic Native American tribe that consisted of five main subgroups, related by language and culture: the Karankawa proper (Carancaquacas,) the Capoques …The Karankawa tribe ate a lot of sea food such as fish, shellfish, clams, turtles, crawfish, and aligators. What does Karankawa mean? The word Karankawa means "people on water" because they live near the ocean.Social: They traded goods with the Karankawa like pottery for things they could not Gender Roles: Caddo men were hunters and sometimes went to war to protect their families. Caddo women were farmers and also did most of the child care and cooking. Food: the woman harvest crops of corn, beans, pumpkins, and, sunflowers. Caddo men hunted for deer ... The Karankawas participated in competitive games demonstrating weapons skills and physical prowess. Wrestling was very popular. Warfare was a fact of life for the Karankawas, and evidence indicates that the tribe practiced a ceremonial cannibalism that involved eating the flesh of their enemies. This was a common custom among Texas tribes,Social: They traded goods with the Karankawa like pottery for things they could not Gender Roles: Caddo men were hunters and sometimes went to war to protect their families. Caddo women were farmers and also did most of the child care and cooking. Food: the woman harvest crops of corn, beans, pumpkins, and, sunflowers. Caddo men hunted for deer ... Comanche, Tonkawa, Karankawa, and Coahuiltecan (moved around all the time) Sedentary Tribes. Caddo, Tigua (lived in one place) ... main food for Pueblo tribes ...Jan 8, 2023 · The Karankawa fished and hunted for food primarily in the coastal regions of Texas in the early 1800s between Galveston and Corpus Christi . History records numerous accounts of a combination of diseases spread by the white settlers that the Indians had no immunity for, and coming up on the losing end of far too many battles with the whites as the primary reason for the disappearance of the ... Advertisement The Karankawas were a nomadic people who migrated seasonally between the barrier islands and the mainland. Their movements were dictated primarily by the availability of food. They obtained this food by a combination of hunting, fishing, and gathering. What is the atakapa culture? The Atakapa (Attakapa, Attacapa) …These books provide histories, archaeological data, and an ecological study of the presence of Karankawa and other Gulf Coast tribes in Texas. The Karankawa Indians: the Coast People of Texas, Albert S. Gatschet. E 99 .K16 G2 1974. The Conquest of the Karankawas and the Tonkawas, 1821-1859, Kelly F. Himmel. E 99 .K23 H53 1999. The Karankawa ...What kind of food did the Karankawa Indians eat? The Karankawa Indians ate a diet that primarily consisted of berries, plant roots and other edible plants, as well as wild deer, turtles, rabbits, turkeys, oysters, clams, drum and redfish. They lived along the coastline of the Gulf of Mexico, in southeast Texas,….The Karankawa Indians were a group of tribes who lived along the Gulf of Mexico in what is now Texas. Archaeologists have identified the Karankawas as a prehistoric civilization dating back over 2,000 years. Tribal members traveled inland as far as 100 miles (160 km) from Galveston Bay, as well as to Corpus Christi Bay. Their movements were dictated primarily by the availability of food and secondarily by climate. They obtained food by a combination of hunting, fishing, and gathering. Fish, shellfish, and turtles were staples of the Karankawa diet, but a wide variety of animals and plants contributed to their sustenance. Unlike some Native American tribes, the Karankawa Kadla don’t have tribal lands, treaties, or an official recognition from the state or federal government. They are surrounded by the dominant ...Karankawas were among the First Texas Indians Encountered by Europeans. by George Layman 12/31/2019. When shipwrecked survivors of the ill-fated 1528 expedition of Pánfil de Narváez reached Malhado (or Isle of Misfortune), west of Galveston Island, they encountered friendly natives. One of the Spaniards, Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, reported ...The Karankawa used many tools including knives, scrapers, and hammers made of stone and flat spoon-like instruments made of wood. They made pottery such as clay pots with round bottoms to store and cook food. To make the pots they used the coiling technique and sometimes painted the bottoms with a tar-like substance. Bison, deer, and fish, were staples of the Karankawa diet, but a wide variety of animals and plants contributed to their sustenance. Karankawa Native Americans. Image available on the Internet and included in accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107. Karankawa Warriors. Courtesy of Texas Beyond History.Karankawa were tribes speaking Coahuiltecan languages. To the west were the Tonkawa. PREHISTORY The prehistory of the Karankawa has only recently been investigated methodically. At present a number of sites have been located in what, from the earliest historical sources, are assumed to be Karankawa country. SaylesOctober 14, 2021. The Karankawa were a Native American tribe that lived in southern Texas and northern Mexico. They are known for their elaborate pottery, which they made from the clay found in the area. The what did the karankawa eat is a question about when the Karankawa lived. They are thought to have lived during the last ice age, but it is ...The settlers frequently fought with the Karankawa. The tribe sided with Mexico in the Texas War of Independence. In that war, the Karankawa chief, Jose Maria, and most of his 20 warriors were killed. [3] In 1858 Juan Nepomuceno Cortina attacked and killed a band of Karankawa. [3] Stephen F. Austin is an icon in American history.Most of the Coahuiltecan seemed to have had a regular round of travels in their food gathering. The Payaya band near San Antonio had ten different summer campsites in a 30 square-mile area. Some of the Indians lived near the coast in winter. Religion. Little is known about the original religion of the Coahuiltecan.The Galveston Bay complex was once home to numerous Native American bands. The Coco, Cujuane, Guapite, Atakapa, and Tonkawa all spoke their own language and occurred along the Bay shores. Karankawa Indians are Texas’ most well-known coastal group of native Americans. Once, it was believed that they lived around Galveston Bay.By 1814 the mission had a population of 190 Karankawas and Coahuiltecans, but most of them would leave in the early 1820s because of Comanche attacks. The missions would be secularized in the early 1830s. The failed efforts to Christianize the Karankawas were followed by a few failed Spanish attempts to establish …Karankawan Family. A family established by Powell 6 on the language of the Karankawa tribe as determined by Gatschet. Although this and the related tribes are extinct, investigation has led to the conclusion that the Coaque, Ebahamo, and other tribes or settlements of the Texas coast mentioned under Karankawa should be included in the family. Among the first indians encountered in Texas by 16th and 17th century European explorers were the nomadic Karankawas, who lived along the coast from Galveston Bay to the Corpus Christi area. A primitive tribe, the Karankawas fished and gathered roots and cactus fruit for food. The men were usually tall and wore their hair long or braided with ...Unlike some Native American tribes, the Karankawa Kadla don’t have tribal lands, treaties, or an official recognition from the state or federal government. They are surrounded by the dominant ...The Karankawa mainly survived on fishing, hunting, and gathering for food and sustenance. They traveled constantly between the mainlands and islands because of the seasonal changes in climate. They never would stay put at a place for more than a few weeks, and were constantly on the move. Aug 3, 2017 · What did the Karankawa eat? August 3, 2017 by Tim Seiter. Short Answer: The most important food sources for the Karankawaswere scallops, oysters, buffalo, deer, various plants like cattail and dewberries, and fish like red and black drum, trout, and sheepshead. Long Answer: What the Karankawa ate varied depending on the season. The Karankawa Indians are a tribe that resided in South Texas and were mainly located near the coastal waters of Texas. The Karankawas were discovered in 1528 by Europeans, but eventually got wiped out through war and conflict. Although they were wiped out, the Karankawas were strong mentally and physically. Karankawa Indians. A term that seems to have the Brazos in 1823 began the decline of been given originally to a small tribe near the tribe near Matagorda Bay, Texas, but its …Jan 8, 2023 · The Karankawa fished and hunted for food primarily in the coastal regions of Texas in the early 1800s between Galveston and Corpus Christi . History records numerous accounts of a combination of diseases spread by the white settlers that the Indians had no immunity for, and coming up on the losing end of far too many battles with the whites as the primary reason for the disappearance of the ... Advertisement Of all the cuisines in the world, India has one of the most aromatic and colorful. Varieties of Indian food are countless and identifiable by caste (we'll discuss these in more detail later), region or tribe, and many Indians ...7 Eyl 2022 ... Many Texas students were taught that the Karankawa were cannibals, and that the tribe had gone extinct. Tim Seiter and Alex Perez will challenge ...Oct 6, 2021 · These books provide histories, archaeological data, and an ecological study of the presence of Karankawa and other Gulf Coast tribes in Texas. The Karankawa Indians: the Coast People of Texas, Albert S. Gatschet. E 99 .K16 G2 1974. The Conquest of the Karankawas and the Tonkawas, 1821-1859, Kelly F. Himmel. E 99 .K23 H53 1999. The Karankawa ... Rarely did the Karankawas venture away from the tidal plain into the territory of their enemies, the Tonkawas, and after the second half of the eighteenth century, the Lipan Apaches and the Comanches. Five bands or groups made up the tribe.A group of 90 men, headed by Álvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca, shipwrecked near Galveston Island. The party included Estevanico, a North African enslaved man believed to be the first person of African descent to set foot in North America. Despite receiving food and shelter from the nearby Karankawa tribe, only fifteen of the men survived the winter.They say the Karankawas black hair was worn long, as far down as to their waist and that they cut the front so it did not obscure their vision. The men would also braid trinkets in their hair. “His face has tattoos….with a black line that goes down the front to the end of his nose and another from the lower lip to the end of the chin ...The Demise of the Karankawa Tribe. #1. The Karankawa Tribe Lived In Southern Texas. The Karankawa tribe was a southwest Indian tribe that lived in modern-day Southern Texas at the time of the …Karankawa ; La Lomita Mission ; Lynching of Ethnic Mexicans (1915 - 1920) ... how they obtained food, how they would move, and even how they would fight. ... "The Indians of Texas, by W. W. Newcomb, Jr., is an excellent and long-needed survey of the ethnography of the Indian tribes who resided within the present limits of Texas since the ...Jan 6, 2017 · The Karankawa tribes. The Karankawa Indians were made up of five main tribes, related by language and culture: the Carancaguases (the Karankawa proper), Cocos, Cujanes, Guapites and Copanes. They depended on fishing, hunting and gathering for their food, particularly the fish and shellfish found in the shallow bays and lagoons of the central ...

The Karankawa Tribe is a native group of people who originally inhabited Texas’ Gulf Coast, from Galveston Bay to Corpus Christi. These indigenous people were coastal hunter-gatherers, and their livelihood depended on fishing, trapping wildlife, and gathering plant foods.. Jack little dodgers

karankawa tribe food

Sep 27, 2020 · The Karankawa, loosely translated to ‘dog lovers’, lived along the coast of Texas long before French and Spanish explorers settled the area. It is unknown when the Karankawa first established themselves in small units of 30 – 40 people along the Texas coastline, but the first recorded encounter with the Karankawa Indians was initiated accidentally... The Karankawa, who represented a sharp departure from the aforementioned tribes, occupied territory running from western Galveston Bay southwest toward the Corpus Christi Bay, roughly along Texas’s current coastline.34 This also included the Matagorda, Lavaca, Guadalupe, San Antonio, Copano, Arnasas, and Baffin bay areas, in addition San Jose ...Texas Indians: The Karankawas presented by Infotopia, introduces you to the extinct tribe of Texas Indians, The Karankawas, who lived on the Gulf Coast. Lea...But they were not one tribe or culture. Like the Coahuiltecans, the Karankawa Indians were several band or maybe even several tribes. ... food), and I am dying ...Oct 4, 2021 · Unlike some Native American tribes, the Karankawa Kadla don’t have tribal lands, treaties, or an official recognition from the state or federal government. They are surrounded by the dominant ... Origin of Name Karankawa. The origin of the name Karankawa is from the caves of El Paso. Early speculation was that the name of "karankawa" got from their neighboring …In 1688, the Karankawa Peoples abducted and adopted an eight-year-old Jean-Baptiste Talon from a French fort on the Texas Gulf Coast. Talon lived with these Native Americans for roughly two and a half years and related an eye-witness account of their cannibalism. Despite his testimony, some present-day scholars reject the Karankawas’ cannibalism.These survivors were the first non-Indians that we know of to explore the Texas coast on land. Eventually, they left the Karankawa and traveled across Texas and Mexico to find other Spaniards. Cabeza de Vaca was one of the survivors, and he wrote a famous book about their life in Texas. In 1685, French explorers came to the Gulf Coast region.The Karankawas obtained food by a combination of what 3 things? Hunting, fishing, and gathering 8. Name 3 foods that were a staple of their diet. Fish, ...The term “Karankawa” refers to a now-extinct group of Native American peoples who resided along the Texas Gulf Coast from Galveston Bay to Corpus Christi Bay. Though …The nourishment that the Comanche tribe ate incorporated the meat from every one of the creatures that were accessible in their region. These are buffalo, deer, elk, bear and wild turkey. These high protein nourishments were supplemented with roots and wild vegetables, for example, spinach, prairie turnips, and potatoes and enhanced with wild herbs.In November 2020, the first sentence of the Karankawa entry in the Handbook of Texas—the Texas State Historical Association’s encyclopedia of state history—was changed from “The now-extinct Karankawa Indians played an important role in the early history of Texas” to the Seiter-penned “The Karankawa Indians are an American Indian ... .

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